Suggested reading

For further reading, we suggest the following selection:

General information on EAP transducers as 'artificial muscle' technologies:

Carpi F. (Ed.), Electromechanically Active Polymers: a Concise Reference, Springer (2016).
Brochu P., Pei Q., Advances in dielectric elastomers for actuators and artificial muscles, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 31(1), 10-36 (2009).
Carpi F., Smela E. (Ed.), Biomedical Applications of Electroactive Polymer Actuators, Wiley Press (2009).
Mirfakhrai T., Madden J. and Baughman R., Polymer artificial muscles, Materials Today, 10(4), 30-38 (2007).
Kim K. J. and Tadokoro S., Electroactive Polymers for Robotic Applications: Artificial Muscles and Sensors, Springer (2007).
Bar-Cohen, Y. (Ed.), Electroactive polymer (EAP) Actuators as artificial muscles. Reality, potential, and Challenges. Second edition, SPIE Press (2004).
Madden, J. D. W. et al. Artificial muscle technology: physical principles and naval prospects. IEEE J. Oceanic Eng. 29, 3, 706-728 (2004).

Fernández Otero Toribio, Conducting Polymers. Bioinspired Intelligent Materials and Devices, Royal Society of Chemistry (2015).
Carpi F., De Rossi D., Kornbluh R., Pelrine R. and Sommer-Larsen P. (Ed.), Dielectric elastomers as electromechanical transducers. Fundamentals, materials, devices, models & applications of an emerging electroactive polymer technology, Elsevier (2008).
Shahinpoor M., Kim K. J., Mojarrad M., Artificial muscles: Applications of advanced polymeric online rx centre, Taylor & Francis (2007).
Shahinpoor, M., Kim, K.J. and Mojarrad, M., Ionic Polymeric Artificial Muscles, ERI/AMRI Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico (2004).
Wallace G. G., Spinks G.M., Kane-Maguire L. and Teasdale P.R. , Conductive Electroactive Polymers: Intelligent Materials Systems - 2nd Ed., CRC Press (2003).
Osada Y. and De Rossi D. (Ed.), Polymer Sensors and Actuators (Macromolecular Systems - Materials Approach), Springer (1999).